Differential equations are commonly used to model dynamical deterministic systems in applications. When statistical parameter estimation is required to calibrate theoretical models to data, classical ...

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and random processes form a central framework for modelling systems influenced by inherent uncertainties. These mathematical constructs are used to rigorously ...

Geometric partial differential equations of level-set form are usually constructed by a variational method using either Dirac delta function or co-area formula in the energy functional to be minimized ...

QUESTION BY QUESTION: The bane of most students when they first meet it in second year, algebra is integral to the understanding… QUESTION BY QUESTION: The bane of most students when they first meet ...