Once your examination of the left lower sternal border is completed, move up to the left upper sternal border. Pulmonic valve murmurs and patent ductus arteriosus are loudest here, and it is the best ...

An S4 heart sound cannot be present during atrial fibrillation (atrial kick is required). An S3 heart sound cannot be present in the setting of severe mitral stenosis. An S3 heart sound can be present ...

Aortic stenosis is the most common type of stenosis, or narrowing, of the heart valves. Narrowing of the aortic valve restricts the blood flow from the ventricle into the aorta. It can be serious and ...

Pulmonary Circulation, Vol. 5, No. 1 (March 2015), pp. 204-210 (7 pages) AbstractPeripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (PPAS) is an underrecognized condition in the adult population. PPAS can lead to ...

Table 3 provides typical characteristics of common murmurs. The tricuspid stenosis murmur is diastolic and a soft rumble, heard best at the left lower sternal border. It will increase in intensity ...