The interaction between fig trees (Ficus spp.) and their specialised agaonid wasp pollinators represents one of the most classic examples of obligate nursery pollination mutualism. Female wasps enter ...

The sea anemone is a predator. Its tentacles carry nematocysts, microscopic harpoons that fire venom into anything that brushes against them. Most fish die within seconds of contact. The clownfish, ...

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THE majority of water-mites for which the life-histories are known have a parasitic larva and free-living nymphs and adults. The family Unionicolidae, however, has always been separated from the ...

This story appears in the January 2018 issue of National Geographic magazine. For the care and feeding of its offspring, the common cuckoo outsources. When she’s ready to lay an egg, a female Cuculus ...

In 1909, the psychologist Edward Titchener translated the German Einfühlung [‘feeling into’] as ‘empathy’. At that time, German philosophers discussed empathy in the context of artistic or aesthetic ...

The study of the physiology and ecology of animals that don't have backbones, ranging from worms to sea stars, and of parasites, which can often provide insights into complex ecosystems. (Sea star ...